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Holy See attitude towards the Arab-Israeli peace process has been influenced by several factors, including: * The general criticism voiced on this issue by foreign governments. * Tensions in Holy See–Israel relations in general, which result from the perceived antagonism displayed towards the Catholic Church in Israel by sections of Jewish public opinion. * Relations between the Holy See and the Catholic communities within Israel and the Palestinian Authority. * Concern for the effects of the peace process on holy places in Israel and the Palestinian authority. This is especially true regarding the status of Jerusalem, where the Catholic Church maintains many holy places and is interested in keeping freedom of access to them as well as keeping them under its administration.〔(Judith Sudilovsky, "Jerusalem, shared 'security blanket,' key to Israeli-Palestinian peace" ''Catholic News Service'', Aug. 14, 2013 )〕 * Holy See interests of displaying humanitarian positions on world affairs, including a just solution to issues on the Israeli-Palestinian track. In the Vatican's view, the Middle East peace process is centered on the Palestinian issue, which can be divided as follows: * Borders. * Palestinian refugees of 1948. * Security for both societies, with special emphasis on protesting Israeli military actions against Palestinian combatant organizations or civilians. ==Pius XII== Pius XII was Pope from 2 March 1939 to 9 October 1958. His papacy covered the Second World War period, which saw the destruction of European Jewry in the Holocaust, and saw the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. He is noted for his rejection of any plan for the establishment of a State of Israel in the British Mandate of Palestine territory on religious/theological grounds. Even after the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, he also refused to recognise Israel, to have any meetings with any of its leaders, nor even to use the official name of the state. Since 4 June 1934, Gustavo Testa had been Apostolic Delegate to Egypt, Arabia, Eritrea, Abyssinia, and Palestine. On 11 February 1948, Testa became, as Apostolic Delegate to Jerusalem and Palestine, Transjordania and Cyprus, the Vatican's representative in the territory of the British Mandate. (In 1973 the Nunciature of Cyprus was erected.) The appointment of the Apostolic Delegate did not require accreditation with any government and did not imply recognition or creation of diplomatic relations. On 1 May 1948, two weeks before the end of the British Mandate, Pius XII issued the encyclical ''Auspicia quaedam'' expressing concern over the survival of the holy places in case of war. The Israeli Declaration of Independence of 14 May 1948 committed Israel to "guarantee freedom of religion ... (to ) safeguard the Holy Places of all religions". However, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War that soon broke out, the Custodian of the Holy Land Alberto Gori in his reports to the Vatican was critical of Jewish and later Israeli forces, whom he accused of destruction of holy places.〔(Paolo Pieraccini, Custos of the Holy Land and Patriarch at the Second Vatican Council )〕 Despite these Israeli assurances on freedom of religion and safety of holy places, on 24 October 1948, Pius XII issued the encyclical ''In multiplicibus curis'', which focused on the war then raging in Palestine and called for respect and protection of the holy places. On 15 April 1949, he issued the encyclical ''Redemptoris nostri cruciatus'', in which he expressed concern over the future of freedom of access to the holy places and called for a "settlement of the dispute on principles of justice, which would fully safeguard the freedom of Catholics and at the same time provide guarantees for the safety of those most Holy Places".
In June 1949, Pius XII established the Pontifical Mission for Palestine to assist Palestinian refugees.〔()〕 Also in 1949, he filled the office of Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, which has been vacant since 1947, by appointing Custodian Alberto Gori to the office. This led to a policy of estrangement towards the Israeli government. Jerusalem being divided between Israel and Jordan, and as many of the Palestinian Christians were now in Jordan-controlled Jerusalem, Gori relocated many Catholic religious houses and institutions from West to East Jerusalem. Gori was also active with Catholics of Jewish origin, and on 11 February 1955, granted official approval to the Apostolate of Saint James the Apostle, which was aimed at addressing the needs of Hebrew speaking Catholics in Israel.〔(Parishes of Hebrew Catholic Vicariate )〕 On 1 November 1956, Pius XII issued encyclical ''Laetamur Admodum'', which expressed concern over the Suez Crisis, but without endorsing any particular solution. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Holy See and the Arab–Israeli peace process」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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